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    • Home
    • Introduction
    • Smart Scope Reviews
    • Cold Weather Performance
    • Halo Artifacts
    • Galaxies - Camelopardalis
    • Galaxies - Canes Venatici
    • Open Cluster NGC 6611
    • NGC 2523 Barred Galaxy
    • Blaze Star T CrB
    • Variable 1 Persei
    • 7 & 8 Persei, NGC 869
    • S CrB Mira Variable
    • Rosette Nebula
    • Tracking Planets
    • Comet (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS)
    • Galaxy Index: And-Cet
    • Galaxy Index: Com-Ori
    • Galaxy Index: Peg-Vir
    • Galaxy References
    • Scientific American
    • Lunar Eclipse 14 Mar 2025
    • Contact Us
  • Home
  • Introduction
  • Smart Scope Reviews
  • Cold Weather Performance
  • Halo Artifacts
  • Galaxies - Camelopardalis
  • Galaxies - Canes Venatici
  • Open Cluster NGC 6611
  • NGC 2523 Barred Galaxy
  • Blaze Star T CrB
  • Variable 1 Persei
  • 7 & 8 Persei, NGC 869
  • S CrB Mira Variable
  • Rosette Nebula
  • Tracking Planets
  • Comet (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS)
  • Galaxy Index: And-Cet
  • Galaxy Index: Com-Ori
  • Galaxy Index: Peg-Vir
  • Galaxy References
  • Scientific American
  • Lunar Eclipse 14 Mar 2025
  • Contact Us

Galaxies: Introduction

Figure 1: Elliptical Galaxy M32 Studied By Edwin Hubble.

In 1930, only one paper was published on galaxies in the prestigious Astrophysical Journal (see Reference below). The paper was by Edwin Hubble who studied the 15 elliptical "nebulae" listed below. Of course these nebulae were later found to be galaxies. The visual magnitudes of these objects fall in the range 8-12, easy targets for Origin whose maximum limit is around 20. For example, elliptical galaxy M32 in the Origin image above has a magnitude of 8 with hundreds of other objects much dimmer by comparison.


  1. NGC 221 in Andromeda (M32)
  2. NGC 410 in Pisces
  3. NGC 584 in Cetus
  4. NGC 3115 in Sextans
  5. NGC 3379 in Leo (M105)
  6. NGC 4278 in Coma Berenices
  7. NGC 4283 in Coma Berenices
  8. NGC 4374 in Virgo (M84)
  9. NGC 4382 in Coma Berenices (M85)
  10. NGC 4406 in Virgo (M86)
  11. NGC 4472 in Virgo (M49)
  12. NGC 4486 in Virgo (M87)
  13. NGC 4552 in Virgo (M89)
  14. NGC 4621 in Virgo (M59)
  15. NGC 4649 in Virgo (M60)


Reference:

"Distribution of luminosity in elliptical nebulae", Edwin Hubble, Astrophysical Journal, 71, 231-276 (1930). Hubble was affiliated with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Mount Wilson Observatory.


Logbook

  • Date & Time: September 28, 2024, 8:37 pm
  • Location: Kempt Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada, 45°N
  • Technical: 10-sec exposures, 2-hrs & 7-min integration, no filter, basic post-processing using Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra smartphone's built-in photo editing tools 

NGC 4656, 4631 & 4627 in Canes Venatici

Figure 2: Galaxies in the field centred on TYC 2531-1026-1 (white label in Fig. 3).

  1. NGC 4627 (GAIA DR3 1514507070317448576), V 12.43
  2. NGC 4631 (Whale Galaxy), V 9.19
  3. NGC 4656 (Hockey Stick Galaxy), V 10.52
  4. AGC 229547
  5. AGC 728273 (SDSS J124048.76+321502.7)
  6. AGC 747974 (SDSS J124214.64+314150.1)
  7. AGC 747976 (SDSS J124302.05+321942.4)
  8. ECO 11098 (GAIA DR3 1514508552080758528)
  9. LEDA 42736 (UGC 7886)
  10. LEDA 42772 (SDSS J124306.99+322926.0)
  11. LEDA 1971469 (GAIA DR3 1514375751692172928)
  12. LEDA 1981071 (GAIA DR3 1513716250873985536)
  13. LEDA 1987386 (GAIA DR3 1514479415022290048)
  14. LEDA 3794315 (GAIA DR3 1514511129061137024)
  15. NGP9 F268-1995176 (GAIA DR3 1514491372211270912)
  16. NGP9 F268-2022461
  17. NGP9 F268-2025732 (SDSS J124355.15+321746.1)
  18. NGP9 F322-0053172 (GAIA DR3 1514384822662781184)
  19. NGP9 F322-0053565 (GAIA DR3 1514381455408431360)
  20. NGP9 F322-0095754
  21. NGP9 F322-0096070 (SDSS J124210.86+314617.0)

Logbook

  • Date & Time: May 1, 2025, 9:18 pm
  • Location: Kempt Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada, 45°N
  • Sky: Clear, light wind, 9°C
  • Moon Phase: Waxing crescent (23%)
  • Moonset: 12:41 am (May 2)
  • Sunset: 8:23 pm
  • Technical: Line power, home wifi connection, 10-sec exposures, 1 hour integration, no filter, no post-processing

Figure 3: Labeled galaxies (blue) and stars (yellow and white) in Fig. 2.

NGC 5055 (m63) in Canes Venatici

Figure 4: Galaxies in the field centred on HD 115270 (white label in Fig. 5).

Note: To save space on the chart, some of the long labels have been given an abbreviation ending with an asterisk *.


  1. NGC 5055
  2. UGC 8313
  3. UCGA 337
  4. LEDA 46182
  5. LEDA 3* = LEDA 2181404
  6. LEDA 2* = LEDA 2182215
  7. LEDA5* = LEDA 2184310
  8. LEDA 1* = LEDA 2182459
  9. LEDA 2182677
  10. LEDA 4* = LEDA 2182845
  11. LEDA 8* = LEDA 2184042
  12. LEDA 2184347
  13. LEDA 2186388
  14. LEDA 7* = LEDA 2186506
  15. LEDA 2187167
  16. LEDA 2189522
  17. LEDA 2193890
  18. LEDA 2193979
  19. LEDA 2194510
  20. LEDA 2195362
  21. LEDA 2196175
  22. LEDA 2196238
  23. LEDA 2196633
  24. LEDA 2196920
  25. LEDA 2197151
  26. LEDA 2197647
  27. LEDA 2197847
  28. LEDA 2197873
  29. LEDA 2198248
  30. LEDA 2198408
  31. LEDA 2198484
  32. LEDA 2198592
  33. LEDA 2198738
  34. LEDA 2198752
  35. LEDA 2198880
  36. LEDA 2198946
  37. LEDA 2198972
  38. LEDA 2199143
  39. LEDA 2199308
  40. LEDA 2200052
  41. LEDA 2200229
  42. LEDA 2200974
  43. LEDA 2201145
  44. LEDA 2202703
  45. LEDA 3087834
  46. LEDA 9* = LEDA 3098298
  47. LEDA 6* = LEDA 3087926
  48. LEDA 3804975
  49. DES * 1 = DES J131717.27+420035.2
  50. 2MASS 1* = 2MASS J13161188+4155228
  51. SDSS 1* = SDSS J131559.85+415144.8
  52. SDSS 2* = SDSS J131500.48+420042.8
  53. SDSS 3* = SDSS J131436.50+415930.7
  54. SDSS 4* = SDSS J131547.61+422955.7
  55. SDSS 5* = SDSS J131744.06+422600.2
  56. SDSS 6* = SDSS J131743.74+422446.4
  57. SDSS 7* = SDSS J131735.91+422502.2
  58. SDSS 8* = SDSS J131742.58+422130.0
  59. SDSS 9* = SDSS J131805.67+422014.5
  60. SDSS 10* = SDSS J131716.99+422614.4
  61. SDSS 11* = SDSS J131717.46+422555.5
  62. SDSS 12* = SDSS J131719.24+422548.3
  63. SDSS 13* = SDSS J131327.47+420342.6
  64. SDSS 14* = SDSS J131406.04+414541.1
  65. SDSS 15* = SDSS J131530.86+413149.3
  66. GAIA 1* = GAIA DR3 1525850048882461568
  67. GAIA 2* = GAIA DR3 1525832937730352000
  68. GAIA 3* = GAIA DR3 1526187186633151104
  69. GAIA 4* = GAIA DR3 1526187186635078656
  70. GAIA 5* = GAIA DR3 1526187564592196480
  71. GAIA 6* = GAIA DR3 1526172682531646336
  72. GAIA 7* = GAIA DR3 1526189179499924608
  73. GAIA 8* = Gaia DR3 1526171037558056064
  74. GAIA 9* = GAIA DR3 1526182410629409792
  75. GAIA 10* = GAIA DR3 1526180928865813760
  76. GAIA 11* = GAIA DR3 1526228727558750336
  77. GAIA 12* = GAIA DR3 1526238691882877696
  78. GAIA 13* = GAIA DR3 1526017067273934848
  79. GAIA 14* = GAIA DR3 1525826375022631552
  80. GAIA 15* = GAIA DR3 1525825516029212928
  81. GAIA 16* = GAIA DR3 1525826237583678848
  82. GAIA 17* = GAIA DR3 1525733328852046976
  83. GAIA 18* = GAIA DR3 1525767001394846464
  84. GAIA 19* = GAIA DR3 1525767654229954688
  85. GAIA 20* = GAIA DR3 1525809435671274624
  86. GAIA 21* = GAIA DR3 1525764012097008768
  87. GAIA 22* = GAIA DR3 1525764183896276096
  88. GAIA 23* = GAIA DR3 1525795210740007040
  89. GAIA 24* = GAIA DR3 1525803491437047552
  90. GAIA 25* = Gaia DR3 1525799265188556288

Logbook

  • Date & Time: May 1, 2025, 10:29 pm
  • Location: Kempt Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada, 45°N
  • Sky: Clear, light wind, 9°C
  • Moon Phase: Waxing crescent (23%)
  • Moonset: 12:41 am (May 2)
  • Sunset: 8:23 pm
  • Technical: Line power, home wifi connection, 10-sec exposures, 1 hour integration, no filter, no post-processing

Figure 5: Labeled galaxies (blue) and stars (white, yellow and red) in Fig. 4.

Figure 6: Inset from Fig. 5.

NGC 4151 & 4145 in Canes Venatici

Figure 7: Galaxies in the field centred on NGC 4151.

  1. NGC 4151
  2. NGC 4145
  3. NGC 4156
  4. UGC 7159
  5. UGC 7188
  6. UGC 7175
  7. UGC 7208
  8. ECO 599
  9. ECO 600
  10. ECO 1425
  11. HS 1207+3957
  12. [A77b] Ch 1
  13. [A77b] Ch 2
  14. [A77b] Ch 3
  15. [A77b] Ch 5
  16. LEDA 38640
  17. LEDA 38664
  18. LEDA 38817
  19. LEDA 38827
  20. LEDA 38830
  21. LEDA 38917
  22. LEDA 213942
  23. LEDA 2140435
  24. LEDA 2140963
  25. LEDA 2141858
  26. LEDA 2144208
  27. LEDA 2145586
  28. LEDA 2147025
  29. LEDA 2151005
  30. LEDA 2152112
  31. LEDA 2153153
  32. LEDA 2159692
  33. LEDA 3096100
  34. SDSS 1* = SDSS J121049.81+394209.0
  35. SDSS 2* = SDSS J120841.07+391922.6
  36. SDSS 3* = SDSS J120822.22+393515.4
  37. SDSS 4* = SDSS J120829.42+393711.6
  38. SDSS 5* = SDSS J120834.55+393450.0
  39. SDSS 6* = SDSS J121111.99+390342.0
  40. SDSS 7* = SDSS J121217.08+391529.6
  41. SDSS 8* = SDSS J121236.75+391430.2
  42. SDSS 9* = SDSS J121232.28+393010.8
  43. SDSS 10* = SDSS J121111.34+394045.8
  44. GAIA 1* = GAIA DR3 1535739571856720256
  45. GAIA 2* = GAIA DR3 1535811138896642304
  46. GAIA 3* = GAIA DR3 1535782796408032512
  47. GAIA 4* = GAIA DR3 1535790183751756160
  48. GAIA 5* = GAIA DR3 1535834572238369920

Logbook

  • Date & Time: May 1, 2025, 11:34 pm
  • Location: Kempt Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada, 45°N
  • Sky: Clear, light wind, 9°C
  • Moon Phase: Waxing crescent (23%)
  • Moonset: 12:41 am (May 2)
  • Sunset: 8:23 pm
  • Technical: Line power, home wifi connection, 10-sec exposures, 1 hour integration, no filter, no post-processing

Figure 8: Labeled galaxies (blue) and stars (yellow) in Fig. 7.

NGC 5005 in Canes Venatici

Figure 9: Galaxies in the field centred on NGC 5005.

Galaxies are labeled in blue, reference stars in yellow. Abbreviations are denoted with asterisks (*). See the following reference for North Galactic Pole (NGP9) galaxies: "Galaxy properties at the North Galactic Pole. I. Photometric properties on large spatial scales", S.C. Odewahn and G. Aldering, The Astronomical Journal, 110(5), 2009-2026, 2496-2500 (1995).


  1. NGC 5005
  2. NGP9 1* = NGP9 F269-0421614
  3. NGP9 2* = NGP9 F269-0361684
  4. NGP9 3* = NGP9 F269-0421915
  5. NGP9 4* =  NGP9 F269-0360481
  6. NGP9 5* = NGP9 F269-0360608
  7. NGP9 6* = NGP9 F269-0359067
  8. NGP9 7* = NGP9 F269-0359770
  9. NGP9 8* = NGP9 F269-0359854
  10. NGP9 9* = NGP9 F269-0418422
  11. NGP9 10* = NGP9 F269-0417476
  12. NGP9 11* = NGP9 F269-0357911
  13. NGP9 12* = NGP9 F269-0293860
  14. NGP9 13* = NGP9 F269-0294186
  15. NGP9 14* = NGP9 F269-0294490
  16. NGP9 15* = NGP9 F269-0225447
  17. NGP9 16* = NGP9 F269-0225540
  18. NGP9 17* = NGP9 F269-0227101
  19. NGP9 18* = NGP9 F269-0228079
  20. NGP9 19* = NGP9 F269-0228853
  21. NGP9 20* = NGP9 F269-0228200
  22. NGP9 21* = NGP9 F269-0227236
  23. NGP9 22* = NGP9 F269-0294888
  24. NGP9 23* = NGP9 F269-0295328
  25. NGP9 24* = NGP9 F269-0297325
  26. NGP9 25* = NGP9 F269-0295538
  27. NGP9 26* = NGP9 F269-0298431
  28. NGP9 27* = NGP9 F269-0301210
  29. NGP9 28* = NGP9 F269-0301768
  30. NGP9 29* = NGP9 F269-0421915
  31. NGP9 30* = NGP9 F269-0365323
  32. NGP9 31* = NGP9 F269-0365751
  33. NGP9 32* = NGP9 F269-0364828
  34. NGP9 33* = NGP9 F269-0365189
  35. NGP9 34* = NGP9 F269-0365520
  36. NGP9 35* = NGP9 F269-0424583
  37. NGP9 36* = NGP9 F269-0425132
  38. NGP9 37* = NGP9 F269-0425477
  39. NGP9 38* = NGP9 F269-0426182
  40. NGP9 39* = NGP9 F269-0480622
  41. NGP9 40* = NGP9 F269-0479406
  42. NGP9 41* = NGP9 F269-0479115
  43. NGP9 42* = NGP9 F269-0537073
  44. NGP9 43* = NGP9 F269-0538328
  45. NGP9 44* = NGP9 F269-0538517
  46. NGP9 45* = NGP9 F269-0539279
  47. NGP9 46* = NGP9 F269-0539708
  48. NGP9 47* = NGP9 F269-0539893
  49. NGP9 48* = NGP9 F269-0539910
  50. NGP9 49* = NGP9 F269-0540405
  51. NGP9 50* = NGP9 F269-0538647
  52. NGP9 51* = NGP9 F269-0480965
  53. LEDA 26* = LEDA 2085892
  54. LEDA 27* = LEDA 2086522
  55. LEDA 28* = LEDA 2087367
  56. LEDA 25* = LEDA 2088392
  57. LEDA 24* = LEDA 2089013
  58. LEDA 2089756
  59. LEDA 22* = LEDA 2091443
  60. LEDA 23* = LEDA 2091484
  61. LEDA 2091749
  62. LEDA 19* = LEDA 2091776
  63. LEDA 2092032
  64. LEDA 2092306
  65. LEDA 2092783
  66. LEDA 21* = LEDA 2094949
  67. LEDA 20* = LEDA 2094956
  68. LEDA 2096382
  69. LEDA 9* = LEDA 2095155
  70. LEDA 8* = LEDA 2095424
  71. LEDA 16* = LEDA 2096540
  72. LEDA 17* = LEDA 2096578
  73. LEDA 15* = LEDA 2096905
  74. LEDA 14* = LEDA 2097139
  75. LEDA 10* = LEDA 2097706
  76. LEDA 11* = LEDA 2097739
  77. LEDA 13* = LEDA 2097763
  78. LEDA 6* = LEDA 2098984
  79. LEDA 7* = LEDA 2100502
  80. LEDA 12* = LEDA 2101140
  81. LEDA 5* = LEDA 2101812
  82. LEDA 4* = LEDA 2102819
  83. LEDA 3* = LEDA 2103409
  84. LEDA 2* = LEDA 2104773
  85. LEDA 1* = LEDA 2105462
  86. LEDA 18* = LEDA 4574306
  87. GAIA 1* = GAIA 1522391431977521536
  88. GAIA 2* = GAIA 1522430842596931072
  89. GAIA 3* = GAIA 1522452351793102208
  90. GAIA 4* = GAIA 1522473036356152320
  91. GAIA 5* = GAIA 1522473032060804480
  92. GAIA 6* = GAIA 1522423798850610304
  93. GAIA 7* = GAIA 1522427097385497216
  94. GAIA 8* = GAIA 1522427131745722496
  95. GAIA 9* = GAIA 1522366624246432768
  96. GAIA 10* = GAIA 1522378340917211264
  97. SDSSCGB 9340.2
  98. SDSS 1* = SDSS J131045.32+372830.8
  99. SDSS 2* = SDSS J131106.47+371710.2

Logbook

  • Date & Time: May 1, 2025, 12:41 am
  • Location: Kempt Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada, 45°N
  • Sky: Clear, light wind, 9°C
  • Moon Phase: Waxing crescent (23%)
  • Moonset: 12:41 am (May 2)
  • Sunset: 8:23 pm
  • Technical: Line power, home wifi connection, 10-sec exposures, 1 hour integration, no filter, no post-processing

Figure 10: Labeled galaxies and stars in Fig. 9. Unknown object is a hot pixel (orange label).

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